Immune System Case Study free essay sample

Why should you be concerned about the presence of other sexually transmitted diseases? Because of his sexual history and contraction of an STD, this suggests that he doesn’t use protection and therefore he is at risk for contracting HIV and then passing it on to others because it can be transmitted within a few days after becoming infected. 2. Ask a classmate to be E.M. and role play a session for HIV risk assessment and risk-reduction counseling Role play 3. Why should E. M. be encouraged to be tested for HIV He should be encouraged because of how serious an HIV infection is. Also, if he is positive, the sooner he is diagnosed, the sooner he can receive treatment and promote health and limit disability. Also, of those that are infected, many don’t know they are infected and can pass it to others. 4. What does E. M. need to know about the HIV testing process? What are the advantages of rapid testing? What are the barriers to rapid testing? * Blood is drawn to detect HIV antigens; If it is negative, he should be retested in 3 weeks, 6 weeks and 3 months because of delayed antibody detection. We will write a custom essay sample on Immune System Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If it is positive, the test is repeated. If it is positive again, they do a Western blot or immunofluorescence assay and then if all are positive, the patient is reported as HIV antibody positive. * Rapid testing results are highly accurate, done in a variety of settings and can be reported in 20 minutes * Rapid tests test for antibodies and not for antigen. Rapid tests are more expensive, have a short shelf life, sites must qualify for Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) waiver and ensure training 5. Priority Decision: what are the main considerations to cover when teaching about barrier methods of protection? Are there components of Hispanic culture that may affect your approach to teaching E. M. about condoms? * When teaching E. M. about the proper use of a male condom, the following points should be emphasized: (1) use only condoms made of latex or polyurethane; (2) store condoms in a cool, dry place, protect them from rauma, and do not use them past the expiration date; (3) use only water-soluble lubricants with condoms; (4) place the condom on the erect penis before any contact is made with the partner’s mouth, vagina, or rectum; (5) hold the condom at the base of the penis and remove the penis and condom from the partner’s body immediately after ejaculation; (6) dispose of the condom by removing it and wrapping in tissue and discarding it; and (7) never reuse condoms. Latino culture may contribute to high risk sexual activity in a number of ways, including: (1) the common idea that sexuality is embarrassing and not to be discussed either with ones children or with ones partner; (2) traditional gender roles and machismo; and (3) homophobia. (Van Oss Gomez, 1998) * Comfort with condom use should be the focus, emphasizing carrying condoms, practicing their use, and practical skills needed for their use 6. How can you help E. M. ell his partners about his gonorrhea? If he is positive for HIV, how will that make a difference in how he tells his partners? * He should be encouraged to tell his partners that he tested positive for gonorrhea. He should know that gonorrhea is often asymptomatic in women, so if his partners were female they need to be tested and receive treatment or they may develop infertility. * Because HIV is usually a reportable disease, so it is E. M. may have to give the names of his recent sexual partners to be notified by health per sonnel as being a contact of an unidentified person with a sexually transmitted disease. Priority Decision: If E. M. s HIV test is positive, what are the priority nursing diagnoses? If his HIV test is negative, what priority nursing diagnoses apply? * Positive: ineffective denial, ineffective coping, anxiety, fear, decisional conflict, grieving, social isolation, spiritual distress, noncompliance, powerlessness, disturbed body image, situational low self-esteem * Negative: health-seeking behaviors, noncompliance, risk for infection, anxiety Reference: Van Oss, M. , Gomez, C. (1998). Hiv in site. Retrieved from http://hivinsite. ucsf. edu/InSite? page=pr-rr-03 B. Case Study 2- Symptomatic HIV Disease- 1. Why was J. N. ’s initial medical problem unusual? Why did it lead to an HIV test?

Most Noticeable How to Write a College Paper

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Interesting College Paper Topics About Military

Interesting College Paper Topics About MilitaryCollege paper topics about military should not be dismissed out of hand. Students who are interested in getting their education in the military may do well to consider taking up the topic of military history.In the past, there has been a lot of debate over the subject of whether or not military history is good for students to learn. This is something that the military will likely have to sort out for themselves, and many people will point to the late Josef Stalin as an example of this debate. Stalin criticized the military history of Western Europe, criticizing them for glorifying the soldier and dismissing the fact that military men had committed atrocities in the past.However, one must remember that there are far worse atrocities done by soldiers during World War II than what Stalin did. In fact, many military men do commit terrible crimes in the name of the military. In the past, war criminals such as John Paul Vann and Charles Lindbe rgh were infamous for their role in the events of World War II. Therefore, it would be easy to dismiss Stalin's comments, as many people did at the time.However, military men today are tasked with the job of killing human beings and committing atrocities, sometimes without due consideration for the victims. The military is also given authority to do things that would never be done by civilians, like burning the homes of the civilian population. Thus, the fact that some will call military history bad or even a bad thing to study for students to learn is irrelevant. Anyone who comes from a military family should be well versed in the subject matter of military history, as it is required reading in nearly every military institution.Students can choose to take up the topic of military history to help them better understand the nature of their occupation, what they must do to succeed, and how the events of the recent past affected their operations today. They can also take up the topic i n order to get a better understanding of their own family, as this is something that people from both the military and the civilian community must learn. Many students today will want to know more about their family, and with the military paper topics about military, students can better learn about their families.It is also important for students to take up these paper topics because it will help them learn how to write a paper. Students must be able to write a paper with good research, and they will learn this by taking up topics about military. The military does not care if the students can write an effective paper; they will just point out mistakes and waste students' time.Students can also take up the topics of both Vietnam and Iraq, to help them understand why military personnel feel as they do about politics. Though all students will make mistakes when writing papers, a high school student must be able to learn from those mistakes and find ways to avoid making them again. By t aking up the paper topics about military, students will be better able to research a topic, and they will find their papers more thorough and more meaningful.Taking up the military subject can also benefit students with artistic abilities. Writing about military requires great patience and a great sense of organization, which students can learn by taking up the topics of military history. Students can also use these papers to further their skills in writing, and they will better understand what they must include in their own papers.

What to Do About College Essay Questions for Applications Before You Miss Your Chance

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What You Need To Know About Writing a Cause And Effect Essay

What You Need To Know About Writing a Cause And Effect EssayIn an essay, cause and effect are the important reason why things happen to happen the way they do. When you take a look at many of the great essays you read online, most of them have two elements, which are considered to be the main causes of the story. But what are these factors that cause the story to come to this situation? It is difficult to summarize all the elements involved.Because there are different causes that can occur in one and the same events, it is the 'effect' that brings them to this situation. So the first thing you should do when preparing a cause and effect essay is to write down the main event. This event is what is causing the two things that were mentioned earlier to arise into this article.The next thing that you should do is think about how the main character or the protagonist (if you are writing a character essay) would react in this situation. Does he or she accept the situation? Do they suffer f rom some kind of guilt over the situation?The effects of the story may include some changes to the main character. Or the main character may not even be affected by the things that happened. There are several other effects that could happen. They could give their lives some meaning in this situation.Some people also get tired of the story, so they want to see the main character get a happy ending. That is where the sense of humour comes in. The sense of humour provides a punch line or a laugh.You could also mention the way that the main character reacted to this event and the way that his or her reactions affect him or her. Many of the essay examples that you will find online will provide you with examples for this part. Make sure that you do not miss out on this part.There are many different things that could affect the characters, including poverty, death and other loss. But when you are doing your research, you must always keep in mind that the main reason is the main cause of al l the things that happen. This is because one thing has to be able to destroy the whole world in order for everything else to be able to exist.The other thing is the cause and effect essay examples that you will find online are usually based on real life situations. So you can make sure that your ideas are grounded in reality. For that reason, you have to stay away from the common mistake that most people make when writing an essay. A common mistake that most people make is that they try to write in a technical style.

The Phillipines Essays - Maritime Southeast Asia, Philippines

The Phillipines Over the past few years, the Philippines' economy has undergone a remarkable transformation. In the late 80's and early 90's the Philippines were stuck with poor political leadership, economic growth, and slow paced economic development. Today it is recognized globally that the Filipino economy has turned around to produce a positive growth. One of their biggest accomplishments has been the GNP growth rate rise from zero in the early nineties to between 5% and 6% today. The current president, Joseph Ejercito Estrada, is following the strong pace set by former president. Under the Ramos administration, important steps were taken towards economic liberalization. These steps included the opening of banks and telecommunications sectors, and the changing of investment laws, which created a more attractive business alliance and stronger commercial relationships with the United States. Because of these events, the United States remains to be the number one trading partner of the Philippines, and they are among the United States top 25 trading partners. According to President Estrada's speech on January 8, 1999, thanks to the actions of former president Ramos our country continues to enjoy positive growth despite the crisis in Asia. In the region last year, only Singapore and the Philippines posted positive growth rates. Some of the major factors concerning the economic growth during Ramos's term in office that Estrada intends to continue to give attention to are foreign relations, education, health, transportation, banking and trading. Modern education in the Philippines is becoming a major issue in the growth and stabilization of the country's economy. During the last fifty years, education has become a major concern for this country, and it has recently been made more readily available through expansion. Despite this expansion, the quality of education was still not up to par and remains a concern today. One problem facing the education system was a thirty- percent difference in the literacy level between rural and urban areas. Also, all families below the poverty line could not afford to educate their children beyond elementary school. These and other problems like poor teacher performance, overcrowded classrooms, lack of language skills and low wages could definitely benefit from new programs aimed at improving work productivity and family income. In 1990, over 10,000 foreign students studied in the Philippines, the majority of which were American. Until recently, most of the students attending these schools had to be taught in three languages; English, Filipino and Spanish. Now the schools primarily focus on Filipino, which will relieve much stress on students and faculty, and promote faster progress in the future. Another controversy noticed by many American students was the fact that many education policies were fluctuating constantly, and were likely to be changed before teachers became used to them. The most important concern of the education system in the Philippines is the number of students who actually complete college, and are then unable to find a job that they were not grossly overqualified for. These trained personnel could facilitate economic development if properly utilized, which is why the Department of Education, Culture, and Sports is working to develop better mandatory policies for and closer direct supervi sion for its schools. The workforce of the Philippine people is terrible. Not enough jobs are available for the people, and the ones that are low paying and long working. Over 40 % of the workforce were under 15 years of age in 1990. Agriculture comprises 45 percent of the current workforce, which is much lower than it had been in the past. In the last decade, the service sector (commerce, finance, transportation, and a host of private and public services) became the residual employer, accounting for almost 40 percent of the workforce. A major problem with the workforce is the unemployment rate. The unemployment rate is currently 11.4 %. The worst part about this is that the majority of the unemployed is young, inexperienced people who were relatively well educated. Since the lack of job opportunities, the educated people find themselves unemployed because everyone is fighting for the higher jobs. Another important aspect that helps dictate the economic growth of a country is health. In the Philippines the struggle against disease has been increasing over the years. Life expectancy rose

Fuel Tax Essay Example

Fuel Tax Essay Example Fuel Tax Essay Fuel Tax Essay Do you just want cheaper fuel to increase your income? To become a popular Government? Squeeze more profit for your firm? Protect the environment? Break car dependence? These questions are a sign of the ever-increasing pressure for and against a reduction in fuel tax. The governments reluctance to openly discuss its policy has caused a real clouding of the arguments causing a general sense of frustration. This essay addresses both sides of the arena in the pursuit of bringing clarity and reason to an emotional topic. This essay uses the term petrol as defined to be a flammable fuel used in internal combustion engines(Oxford Con Dic, 1989: 425), thus including diesel, as well as unleaded vehicles. The issues that are covered are externalities, tax, public transport, who the tax effects, and utility. The arguments are ordered against a reduction then for a reduction. Over the last 30 years, with the rise of environmental awareness, the externalities connected with the use of motor vehicles have caused major concern to society and has presented a strong argument against a reduction in petrol tax. Pigovian taxes are the best way to correct for the negative impact of externalities by taking into account the social costs of using petrol to such a great extent. These social costs: health, congestion, environmental breakdown and accidents all need correcting. Every time you burn petrol you generate pollution in the atmosphere with carbon dioxide, thus increasing global warming and health problems e.g. asthma, bronchitis, and other respiratory disorders. Congestion causes lost opportunity costs from unproductive time wasted. Accidents cannot be measured accurately as the loss of intellectual productivity cannot account for future possibilities. The best way is to allocate efficiency with social cost added to the pricing model. : As we see in figure 1: The marginal private cost curve is MPC. D is also the marginal benefit curve. Marginal cost exceeds MPC. In a competitive market, output is Qo, price is Po. When a Pigovian tax is imposed to show the social costs, then MSC becomes the MC for suppliers decisions. The price rises to P1 and the quantity falls to Q1: the point of allocation efficiency (Parkin, King 1995: 527). With the market failure and the externalities addressed the government can gather the tax revenue and tackle the social costs with revenue generated, which brings the price into alignment with their external costs. To look closer at the nature of tax and its winners and losers will reveal that all the tax is past onto the consumer in accordance with its inelastic properties. As the rules of tax state, with the fall in quantity demanded being smaller than the price reduction (in percentages). The consumer will be saddled with the larger cut of tax in the short run and all the tax in the long run. Therefore, the consumer is paying for all the externalities and the firm that profits from supplying petrol: pays nothing. As seen above in figure 1, there is a dead weight loss, which is caused from the reduction in the quantity demanded. This welfare loss has been minimized, however, this shows the petrol sectors ability to sustain large tax increases. The lack of response by motorists to the increases in the price of petrol causes the tax to become very appealing for revenue generation. The quantity demanded does not drop much after a tax increase. This shows how large amounts of money can be raised easily. In 1999/2000, fuel duties (excluding VAT) raised à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½22.3 billion, which is 6% of the total governments revenue (HM Treasury 46: 2000). The market for fuel is able the bear a large tax charge and the extent of the market is sizable too. Six pence on all road fuel duties raises as much money as one penny on the basic rate of income tax (HM Treasury 44: 1999). The suppliers and the government are seen to raise huge amounts of revenue from highly taxed petrol. In response to the argument for a reduction in petrol tax as the large amounts of revenue generate seem excessive and appear to be public and private profiteering. With the revenue being re-invested in infrastructure as the government is committed to doing. In the Chancellors Pre-Budget Speech in November 1999, [we] are now in a position instead of the pre-announced 6 per cent escalator-to make our decisions Budget by Budget with the following commitment: if there are any real term rises in road fuel duties, the revenues will go straight to a ring-fenced fund for the modernisation of roads and public transport (Smith, 2000; 8) These pledged billions give the vehicle user a real choice. The need to break car dependency and shift back the demand curve back instead of a taxing shift along the demand curve will reduce drivers by more. See figure 2: The option of substitute transport will make the driver fell they do have a choice to private vehicles. Investment of the revenue from petrol tax is a great asset. Much more than the revenue from the mandatory car tax gives. These improvements are necessary, as the infrastructure needs modernizing. This alternative will drop demand by giving a substitute drivers can rely on. The haulage industry will use it to put its freight back on the railways, if confidence were restored. A solid public transport system reduces demand without tax by using the revenue to change behaviour on petrol reliance. People are not adverse to tax increases if they know where the money is being spent. There is no way to guarantee that the money allocated to spending on roads and public transport is actually going to be spent in these areas. With the state of the rail system, the amount of congestion and the crackdown on accidents by fines, which many see as a new source of revenue, we are not seeing the benefits from the high petrol taxes: the highest in Europe. See figure 3: Unleaded petrol UK 55.47 Netherlands 44.84 Italy 42.93 Germany 40.12 Austria 32.35 Spain 28.04 Figure 3. European petrol duty and VAT, pence per litre With these high prices drivers expect to see improvements. This is the essence of their frustration. The modernization the government speaks of has not shown many tangible results. The alternative transport needed has not improved enough to encourage drivers to alter their actions and onto public transport. The cost of living taken across different household groups shows that an increase on petrol tax hits the poorest car owner, as well as, rural dwellers (Smith, 2000: 4). These are the people that need a substitute of public transport. Their incomes and budget constraints are the most susceptible to price rises. The governments lack of results in modernizing and producing a good transport alternative are just rationalizations for easy revenue. As with firms supplying homogeneous product we should be aware of the likelihood for them to maximise their profits in the event of a reduction in petrol tax. If the government were to give a 10 percent decrease in fuel tax the firms would not pass on all the savings to the customer. The small differences in price on the petrol forecourt do suggest price fixing, although illegal, it is difficult to prove. The petrol suppliers might, for example, pass on an 8 percent reduction and profit from the other 2 percent. This is a problem in a homogeneous market with few firms, indicative of the markets for natural resources. Although petrol users are also trying to increase their position by fuel tax being reduced. The Government are looking after all interests. These three groups are all willing to maximise their utility. As well as income utility there is utility as a quantitative measure of psychological satisfaction (Etrzioni, Lawrence, 1991: 86) present. The chance of promotion from mak ing more profits, getting something cheaper, or covering short falls in other public services are all difficult to value in financial terms. The inter conflict of interest will not allow for mutually beneficial trade. Rational self-interest depends in which of these groups you are, and to the same extent if you think this is an argument for or against a petrol tax reduction. In conclusion, we have seen that the taxes on petrol are in place to correct externalities by bringing adding social costs to show the real cost of vehicle use. This in turn has shown the petrol market to be one of high taxation with its inelastic nature. The revenue generated would regenerate the public transport sector to allow for alternative travel, although governments have failed to deliver. Tax affects vehicle users who need a substitute for car travel the most. And finally we saw utility maximisation pulling the debate in all directions. Tax reduction maybe a personal issue but there are rational arguments which need addressing to come to a solution in the best interests of society.